Spire Insights
Spire Insights: Mengapa Thailand Bisa Jadi Raja Tuna Kaleng Dunia?
Oleh Muhammad Shobaruddin, Konsultan Spire Research and Consulting
Spire Insights ● Fortune Business Insights memproyeksikan permintaan tuna kaleng akan terus meningkat, yakni US$7,74 miliar pada 2019 menjadi US$9,22 miliar pada 2027. Peluang pasar yang besar dengan tren yang terus meningkat menjadi hal baik bagi produsen tuna kaleng, khususnya Indonesia.
Sayangnya, di balik besarnya peluang itu muncul persoalan mengingat industri tuna kaleng Indonesia masih tergolong belum berkembang, bahkan tertinggal jauh jika dibandingkan dengan negara lain seperti Thailand yang saat ini telah menjadi “Raja Tuna Kaleng” dunia.
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Sejak 1970-an, industri tuna kaleng sudah berkembang di kawasan Asia Tenggara, khususnya di Indonesia dan Thailand. Walaupun kedua negara ini memulai industri tuna kaleng di era yang sama, akan tetapi Thailand memiliki pertumbuhan yang sangat pesat, bahkan mendominasi pasar tuna kaleng global.
Pada 2019, nilai ekspor tuna kaleng Thailand mencapai US$2,21 juta dengan total produksi mencapai 560.000 ton. Sementara itu, Indonesia hanya mampu mengekspor tuna kaleng senilai US$440.000 dengan total produksi 103.000 ton. Sebuah kenyataan ironis bagi Indonesia sebagai Negara Maritim. Kepulauan.
Apabila dianalisis melalui competitive advantages dengan metode Diamond Model yang dicetuskan oleh Michael Porter (1990), terdapat beberapa keunggulan yang membuat Thailand menjadi “Raja Tuna Kaleng” dunia. Diamond Model ini mengukur competitive advantage yang dimiliki oleh industri pada suatu negara.
Terdapat empat faktor internal yang akan dianalisis, yakni faktor kondisi, faktor permintaan, faktor industri terkait, juga faktor struktur dan rivalitas.
Apabila dianalisis dari faktor kondisi (Factor Condition) yang meliputi biaya akses bahan mentah dan pekerja, Indonesia lebih memiliki competitive advantage dibanding Thailand. Hal ini dikarenakan industri tuna kaleng di Indonesia dipasok oleh nelayan tuna lokal yang jumlahnya melimpah.
Menurut Badan Informasi Geospasial, potensi perikanan di Indonesia sebesar 9.931 juta ton pada 2016. Selain itu, terdapat sekitar 600.000 kapal nelayan penangkap tuna yang tersebar di seluruh wilayah perairan Indonesia. Sedangkan Thailand, 85% bahan tuna kaleng mereka merupakan hasil impor karena jumlah wilayah perairan dan kapal penangkap ikan tuna yang terbatas.
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Dari segi akses pekerja, industri tuna kaleng di Indonesia lebih diunggulkan karena memiliki tenaga kerja yang banyak dengan upah yang relatif lebih murah, yakni sekitar US$174 per bulan, sedangkan Thailand lebih mahal, yaitu US$357 per bulan. Hampir 50% pekerja tuna kaleng di Thailand merupakan pekerja migran dari Myanmar, Laos, dan Kamboja.
Dari segi faktor permintaan (Demand Condition), permintaan domestik tuna kaleng di Thailand dan Indonesia sangat rendah, sehingga industri di kedua negara ini bergantung pada permintaan pasar global. Kedua negara produsen tuna kaleng ini menyuplai produk mereka ke beberapa negara seperti Jepang, Amerika Serikat, dan Uni Eropa. Dengan demikian, dari segi permintaan industri tuna kaleng Indonesia dan Thailand memiliki kesamaan competitive advantages.
Dalam industri tuna kaleng, keberadaan industri terkait dan pendukung (Related and Supporting Industries) menjadi faktor penting dalam pertumbuhan industri tuna kaleng. Thailand didukung oleh pabrik yang memiliki kemampuan produksi yang besar serta didukung oleh produsen kaleng.
Selain itu, lokasi pabrik tuna kaleng yang terpusat di area Bangkok memberikan dampak positif pada industri tuna kaleng di Thailand karena bisa lebih mudah dalam mengimpor tuna mentah dan mengekspor produk tuna kaleng mereka.
Sedangkan industri pengolahan tuna kaleng di Indonesia tersebar di berbagai lokasi yang membuat biaya transportasi tuna mentah ke lokasi pengolahan lebih mahal. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kapal penangkap tuna kebanyakan tersebar di Bitung, Sorong, Kendari, Ternate, Ambon, dan Telok Benoa.
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Faktor lain yang perlu diperhatikan ialah faktor strategi, struktur, dan persaingan antar industri (Firm’s Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry). Dari sisi strategi, penempatan lokasi industri tuna kaleng di sekitar kota Bangkok berpengaruh positif pada biaya transhipment produk mereka.
Biaya transhipment menjadi unsur penting pada distribusi produk tuna kaleng, mengingat Thailand menyuplai permintaan dari negara lain. Sedangkan di Indonesia, produsen tuna kaleng tersebar di wilayah Bali, Jawa Timur, Sorong, dan Biak yang mana hal ini menyulitkan produsen untuk memasarkan produk mereka baik ke pasar domestik maupun internasional karena transhipment yang lebih jauh dan mahal.
Industri tuna kaleng Thailand berkembang pesat mengalahkan Indonesia.
Secara struktur industri, produsen tuna kaleng di Thailand bersifat oligopolistic yang didominasi oleh dua pemain besar, yakni Thai Union dengan produksi 1.000 metrik ton per hari dan Sea Value dengan produksi 850 metrik ton per hari.
Kedua produsen ini memiliki peranan penting dalam menyuplai permintaan tuna kaleng dunia. Lain halnya dengan Indonesia, beberapa produsen tuna kaleng di Indonesia skalanya masih kecil dan hanya mampu memproduksi 5.000-30.000 metrik ton per tahun.
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Dengan demikian, melalui teori Diamond Model dapat disimpulkan bahwa beberapa faktor memiliki peran penting pada pertumbuhan pesat industri tuna kaleng di Thailand. Thailand memiliki keunggulan pada faktor industri terkait dan pendukung, serta faktor strategi, struktur dan persaingan.
Sementara itu, Indonesia unggul pada faktor kondisi, yang mana Indonesia bisa mengakses pekerja yang lebih murah serta akses tuna dari nelayan lokal yang melimpah. Terkait faktor permintaan pasar, kedua negara produsen tuna kaleng ini bergantung pada pasar ekspor.●
Spire Research and Consulting merupakan perusahaan riset pasar dan konsultasi bisnis global, terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Perusahaan yang didirikan pada 2000 di Singapura ini kini memiliki kantor perwakilan di semua negara Asia Pasifik dan berkantor pusat di Tokyo, Jepang.
PT Spire Indonesia | Menara Astra Lt. 25 Unit 25D, Jalan Jend. Sudirman Kav. 5-6, Jakarta 10220, Telp/Faks: (021) 50889816 | www.spireresearch.com
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